Status of Recovery of Strategic Metals from Spent Secondary Products

The need to drive towards sustainable metal resource recovery from end-of-cycle products cannot be overstated. This review attempts investigate progress in the development of recycling strategies for strategic metals, such as precious metals and base catalytic converters, e-waste, batteries. Several methods resources have been explored these waste streams, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy. results are discussed, efficiency processes chemistry involved detailed. conversion high-value nanomaterials is also presented. Process flow diagrams presented, where possible, represent simplified process steps. Despite concerns about environmental effects processing gains driving a circular economy streams enormous. Therefore, greener recommended. In addition, countries manage their appropriately ensure that this becomes part formal economic activity and, therefore, regulated.